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06. Juli 1968 |
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1502, 19 |
Saturday Tag der South Ferry - s.K. 90, 25.
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1502, 19 |
Saturday - (engl.) Samstag, Sonnabend; s.K. 601, 1.
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1502, 21- 1506, 7 |
Sonderkorrespondent Bernhard Weintraub ... Student, erwiderte er - »American
Impact on Vietnam’s Economy, Politics and Culture Is Profound By Bernhard
Weinraub [sic] Special to The New York Times - Saigon, South Vietnam, June
27 - Ten years ago fewer than 1,000 American servicemen were stationed in
Vietnam, and their presence was scarcely noticed.
Today, 530,000 American troops and 12,000 civilians are swarming through
this tortured country, and their presence is affecting the very roots of South
Vietnamese life.
[...] Lambrettas and cars. In 30,000 to 40,000 homes and in the village squares
throughout the country, South Vietnamese families watch in fascination The
Addams Family, and Perry Mason on armed forces television. In college
classrooms students read John Updike and J.D. Salinger. In coffee shops,
young men who work for United States agencies and girls in miniskirts sip
Coca-Cola and complain that the Americans have taken over.
The American presence has also contributed to a tangle of more profound
changes that remain, with a war on, contradictory and complex. Students,
teachers, Government employes and businessmen insist, for example, that the
influx of American soldiers, civilians and dollars is tearing the family apart and
creating social havoc.
[...] An impossible situation has been created, said an American-educated
lawyer. The poor families come to Saigon from the countryside because of
the war. The father has few skills, so he becomes a day laborer or drives a pedicab.
Before he was respected by the children. He knew about the farm.He
knew about the land. Now he knows nothing.
The young boys wash cars for the Americans or shine shoes or sell papers or
work as pickpockets, the lawyer went on. They may earn 500 or 600 piasters
[$5 oder $6] a day. Their fathers earn 200 piasters a day. Here is a 10-yearold
boy earning three times as much as his father. It is unheard of.
Beyond the impact of the Americans and the American dollars, of course,
there is the over-all shattering impact of the war itself. Virtually every young
farmer or peasant is forced to join the Government forces or the Vietcong;
more than a million people have become refugees; the disruptions of farms
and villages has led an additional two million to flee to the cities. [...] This
traumatic break for many farmers - and the social problems that await them
in the cities - has stirred anger among many Vietnamese, especially since
thousands of families in rural areas are physically moved out of their farms by
allied troops to create free-strike zones.
Want to Die There
The Vietnamese never wants to leave his village, said a professor at Saigon
University. They want to be born there and they want to die there.
That is not easy for you Americans to understand, since you can move from
village to village in your country, he went on. But here it is very painful for
a Vietnamese to leave his village, and when they are forced to move they hate
you. It is as simple as that - they hate you.
[...] This country is going from a kind of Victorianism to a plastic imitation
of the teenybopper in the matter of a few years, said a junior American official.
Another declared:
It’s easy to blame everything wrong here on the Americans - the Vietnamese
love doing it. But, look, this society was damned rotten when we got here and
what we’re getting now is an exaggeration of the rottenness, the corruption,
the national hangups.«
[Es folgen Ausführungen über den relativ geringen Einfluß der buddhistischen
und kath. Religion, während zeitgenössische amerik. Autoren wie
Hemingway, Faulkner und Salinger viel gelesen und ihre Lebens- und Denkweise
bewundert werden.]
»Ironically the strongest American cultural influence has touched folk singing
in the antiwar ballads of the most famous college singer in Vietnam, Trinh [sic]
Cong Son.
The broadest social - and, by extension, cultural - impact of the Americans
has fallen on the powerful middle class, who exclusively ran the Government’s
bureaucracy, taught in primary schools and colleges and served as lawyers,
doctors and businessmen. This socially conscious class, to all indications, had
little link to or sympathy for the peasants, or even the army.
American officials say privately that the disruption within this entrenched
class is welcome. Middleclass Vietnamese are naturally bitter. Especially at their
decline in status.
A university professor may earn 18,000 piasters a month [$150], while a bar
girl can earn 100,000 piasters [$850], said 58-year-old Ho Huu Tuong, a
lower-house representative who was a prominent intellectual in the nineteen
forties. The intelligentsia are the disinherited, the lost, because of the American
impact. We have lost our position.
Money has become the idol, said Mr. Thien, the Information Minister.
Money, money, money.
The theme is echoed by poorer Vietnamese - the pedicab drivers, the small
businessmen, the maids, the cooks - but for them the problem of status is irrelevant
and the flow of American dollars is hardly unwelcome. How can I
hate the Americans? asked a grinning woman who sells black-market cigarettes
at a stand on Tu Do, in the heart of Saigon. They have so much money
in their pockets.
Taxation a Problem
At the official level, only enormous American assistance - $600-million this
fiscal year - keeps Vietnam afloat. The figure is exclusive of American military
expenditures of more than $2-billion [hier ist Johnson ein Übersetzungsfehler
unterlaufen: 1505, 7f. »Millionen«, richtig: Milliarden] a month.
[...] Only 6 per cent of last year’s budget was met by direct taxes on income
and business profits in comparison with about 80 per cent in the United
States.
This results on Government reliance on levies on foodstuffs, tobacco, alcohol,
matches and other items that fall with heavy weight on the poor. And, through
bribes and bureaucracy, the rich often pay no taxes at all.
[...] Since 1962, land distribution in South Vietnam has been at a virtual
standstill and the bulk of the land remains in the hands of absentee landlords.
[...] There is a general feeling that Mr. Thieu, Mr. Ky or any other Vietnamese
leader would have enormous political difficulties, even if they agreed to
every possible reform that the Americans have urged.
For the heart of the Government or system is an unwieldy, Kafkaesque bureaucracy
that hampers progress at every turn. And in that area, the American
impact has been minimal.
Paperwork, documents, stamps, bored officials, bribes are everywhere. Officials
work four-hour-days.
It will take at least a generation to change the system, said one of the highest
American officials at the United States mission. Maybe more than a generation.
[...] A South Vietnamese publisher told an American recently: You are our
guests in this country and Vietnamese have been very friendly to you. Do not
outlive our hospitality.
[...] Smugness of so many of them is appalling, said a junior American of-
ficial. If we were not at war it would be funny.
But a student at La Pagode, a coffee shop on Tu Do, observed: Americans
must fight for us so we can live in peace. Had the student volunteered to join
the army? No, I must study, I am a student, he replied«; NYT 6.7.1968.
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1502, 32 |
... Lambrettas und Autos - Johnson ist beim Ausschneiden des Artikels ein Teil
verlorengegangen, denn vor diesem Teilsatz hat er handschriftlich »missing«
notiert.
Lambretta ist der Markenname eines ital. Motorrollers der fünfziger Jahre.
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1502, 35 |
»The Addams Family« - Cartoon-Serie aus den vierziger Jahren von Charles
Addams (1912-1988) über eine Familie netter Monster mit oft makabren
Pointen; s. 1507, 28f.
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1502, 35 |
»Perry Mason« - Rechtsanwalt in vielen Kriminalromanen Erle Stanley
Gardners (17.7.1889-11.3.1970), der durch scharfsinnige, logische Plädoyers
seinen Mandanten aus aussichtloser Lage zum Freispruch verhilft;
s. 1507, 29.
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1502, 36 |
John Updike - Geb. 18.3.1932, amerik. Schriftsteller; satirische, gesellschaftskritische
Romane; »Ehepaare«, 1968, »Rabbit«-Tetralogie, 1960-90.
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1502, 36 |
J.D. Salinger - s.K. 466, 36-467, 1.
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1504, 12f. |
Trin Cong Son - Trinh [sic] Cong Son, vietnamesischer Komponist und Sänger; wurde als
Student 1967 durch gemeinsame Auftritte mit Khanh Ly bekannt; seine Lieder erzählen von der
Hoffnung auf Frieden und der Suche nach innerer Gelassenheit; schrieb, nachdem er die Kämpfe
um Hue während der Tet-Offensive überlebt
hatte, die ironische und makabre Ballade:
I saw, I saw, I saw holes and trenches
Full of the corpses of my brothers and sisters.
Mothers, clap for joy over war.
Sisters, clap and cheer for peace.
Everyone clap for vengeance.
Everyone clap instead of repentance.
Vgl. Karnow (1983), S. 531.
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1504, 29 |
Ho Huu Tong – Eigentlich: Ho Huu Tuong (1910-1980), vietnamesischer Publizist, wandte sich als Mathematikstudent in
Frankreich dem Trotzkismus zu, arbeitete nach seiner Deportation 1931 als Lehrer in Saigon und gründete die trotzkistische
»Oktobergruppe«, die später als »Liga der internationalistischen Kommunisten« die IV. Internationale unterstützte und Stalin
kritisierte. Tuong gab 1936 die erste legale trotzkistische Zeitung »Le Militant« auf frz. heraus, wurde im selben Jahr
verhaftet, sagte sich während des Krieges vom Trotzkismus los und arbeitete nach 1945 in Tonkin im Bildungsministerium. Tuong
wurde wegen seiner Opposition zum Regime Ngo Dinh Diems 1957 zum Tode verurteilt, begnadigt, 1963 freigelassen;
Parlamentsabgeordneter zur Zeit der Regierung Nguen Van Thieu. Weil er nach der Eroberung Saigons durch den Vietcong
Demonstrationen organisierte, wurde er in ein Umerziehungslager geschickt und verstarb kurz nach der Freilassung. Vgl.
http://ru.wikipedia: ХО ХЫУ ТЫОНГ [Zugriff vom 26.7.2011].
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1504, 34f. |
Mr. Thien, der Minister für Information - Ton That Thien, geb. 22.9.1924, vietnamesischer nationalistischer
Politiker und Journalist; aus der vietnamesischen königlichen Familie stammend, studierte Medizin, Wirtschaft und
Politik in Paris, London und Genf; arbeitete 1945 unter Ho Chi Minh im Außenministerium der Nationalen Front der Viet
Minh und als Radiosprecher der englischsprachigen Sendungen von Radio Hanoi, distanzierte sich von den Kommunisten,
als sie China um Hilfe baten. 1954- 64 Aide, Dolmetscher und Pressesprecher für Präsident Ngo Dinh Diem, seit 1964
Journalist, wegen seiner kritischen und unabhängigen Beiträge zeitweise angegriffen; während der Tet-Offensive in
Hue vom Vietcong gefangengenommen, gelang es ihm zu fliehen; hob als Minister für Information (April –Dezember 1968)
in der Regierung Tran Van Huong jegliche Pressezensur auf; ging nach der Einnahme Saigons durch den Vietcong nach
Kanada, lehrte als Linguistik-Professor in Quebec; vgl. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton_That_Thien [Zugriff vom 26.7.2011].
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1505, 2 |
Tu Do, im Herzen Saigons - Die Flanier- und Ausgehstraße der frz. Kolonialzeit,
die Rue Catinat (zwischen Saigon-Fluß und der Kathedrale Notre Dame),
wurde während der »amerikanischen Zeit« Saigons zur Amüsiermeile Tu
Do (Freiheit) mit unzähligen Tanzbars und Stundenhotels; heute heißt die
Straße Dong Khoi (Straße der Volkserhebung).
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1505, 21 |
Mr. Thieu - s.K. 13, 14f.
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1505, 21 |
Mr. Ky - s.K. 13, 14f.
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1505, 26 |
kafkaeske - Kafka: s.K. 1860, 9-12.
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1506, 8 |
© by the ... York Times Company - s.K. 116, 25.
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1506, 10-34 |
Lynn Tinkel. / Lynn ... Zuges, oder Fahrgäste - Die NYT vom 6.7.1968 berichtet
unter der Überschrift »Woman Who Took Snapshot in Subway Acquitted
in Court«: »A 22-year-old Bronx schoolteacher went into Criminal
Court yesterday to fight a summons she received last month for taking a picture
of a friend on a subway platform. She won her case.
The teacher, Lynn Tinkel, pleaded not guilty to violating a Transit Authority
rule that requires written permission for anyone to take a photograph in a
subway or any other Transit Authority facility.
It’s the principle of the thing, Miss Tinkel said when she left the courtroom.
I did not see anything wrong in taking a picture of my friend on the subway
platform.
Judge Arthur Goldberg agreed and dismissed the charge.
Miss Tinkel received the summons after snapping a picture of James Lunenfeld,
24, also a teacher, at 2:30 A.M. on June 19 on the platform of the IND
line’s 59th Street station.
A Transit Authority’s spokesman said later that the rule was in the interest of
safety, but that now a new look at the situation might be necessary.
He added: The rule gives us a chance to tell photographers they can’t use tripods
- people might trip over them; or that flashbulbs might blind a motorman
or passengers. When people with cameras show up, crowds form and
then you can’t be too careful.«
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1506, 14 |
INDependent - s.K. 369, 28.
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1506, 24f. |
Kriminalgericht an der Centre Street 100 - s.K. 16, 10.
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1506, 35f. |
82 Grad Fahrenheit ... von 73 Prozent - Wettervorhersage der NYT vom 6.7.1968:
»Temp. range: today 82-63 [...] Temp. Hum. Index 73«. 82° Fahrenheit
entsprechen fast 27° Celsius; s.K. 22, 39-23, 1.
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